Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
MANUAL RESEARCH PROJECT SECONDARY TEACHER EDUCATION
B.Ed. 4 YEAR
DEPARTMENT OF SECONDARY TEACHER EDUCATION
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
MANUAL RESEARCH PROJECT SECONDARY
TEAHER EDUCATION
B.Ed. 4 YEAR
Code No: 8657
Region: ……….
Semester: Spring 2021
DEPARTMENT OF SECONDARY TEACHER EDUCATION
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
DECLARATION
Topic: Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Comparison of private and public sector for secondary school.
is student of B.Ed Program( 4 Year) Specialization in Secondary Teacher Education, do hereby declare that the research project entitled.
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Submitted by me in partial fulfillment of B.Ed 4 Year program is my original work and has not been submitted or published earlier. I solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted for obtaining any other degree from this or any other University or Institution. I also understand the plagiarism policy of AIOU and HEC and if any work is found to be plagiarized or copied from someone other(s) work at any stage, even after award of the degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree be confiscated.
Topic: Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Research Project Submission Approval form
(This form must be filled by the Prospective-Teacher (student); and signed by the supervisor and respective regional director)
Program B.Ed. (4 Year) Secondary Teacher Education was conducted under my supervision. I have read it and found it to be satisfactory regarding its originality, content, language, relevancy, consistency, citation and reference list. It is ready for submission for evaluation to Allama Iqbal Open University as a partial fulfillment of B.Ed (4 Year) Specialization in Secondary Teacher Education Program.
It is certified that the student has completed at least 80% attendance and all the required components of the workshop.
Topic:
Comparison of Private and Public Sector for Promotion of Quality of Education at Secondary School.
Q.1 why did you select this topic? Describe the variables in your topic. Also identify constructs and sub-constructs of these variables of research problem.
I choose this topic because considering the gigantic problems of public and private Education in Pakistan, the researcher selected this topic “Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school” for research. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially and spiritually. It improves and promotes the economic social, political and cultural life of the nation. Until now the role of public and private sectors in Pakistan has been simply preparation for tertiary education, which in the minds of most people means strictly a public or private education. All over the world public and private institution are guiding and co-operating with the industrial and agricultural development researchers and they are developing their economics rapidly and meaningfully. There is a close link between education and development. In Pakistan, after more than five decades, the developmental indicators are not showing positive results.
List of Article is:
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Article 1:Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Educational Institutions
(Awan, A. G., & Zia, A. (2015). Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Educational Institutions: A case study of District Vehari-Pakistan. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(16), 122-130.)
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Article 2:Public vs. Private Quality Education at Primary Level in Pakistan
(Farooq, M. S., Feroze, N., & Kai, Y. T. (2017). Public vs Private Quality Education at Primary Level in Pakistan. International Online Journal of Primary Education, 6(2), 1-23.)
Article 3:Public versus Private Secondary Schools: A Qualitative Comparison
(Iqbal, M. (2012). Public versus Private Secondary Schools: A Qualitative Comparison. Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE), 6(1).)
Article 4:A Comparative Study of Public versus Private Primary Schools
(Shabbir, M., Wei, S., Fu, Y. G., Chong, R., Marwat, M. A., Nabi, G., & Ahmed, B. (2014). A comparative study of public versus private primary schools, an evidence from Azad Kashmir (Pakistan Administrative Kashmir). Journal of Education and Practice, 5(9), 154-168.)
Article 5:Comparative Study of Availability and Quality of Physical Facilities in Public and Private Schools in the Punjab
(Awan, N. M. (2018). Comparative study of availability and quality of physical facilities in public and private schools in the Punjab. Journal of Elementary Education, 28(1), 99-107.)
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Article 1:
The participation rate at higher education is comparatively low as compared to other countries of the region. There are problems of quality of staff, teachers, library and laboratory. Relevance with society needs, research facilities, financial crisis, arts teachers more than science teachers, weaknesses of examination, ineffective governance and academic results are not at par with international standards.
Variable
- Achievement
- Learning
- Teacher-student relationship
Constructs and sub-constructs
- Learning is an extra ordinary complex task. Teacher do,
- Learning become easy
- Change in learning method
- It is imperative for the teachers to improve the teaching
- knowing the learning difficulties
- factors affecting the learning of the students
- Enhance the use of teaching methods for education purposes
Topic: Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Article 2:
Pakistan as a developing country has faced critical problems of education since its inception and therefore, the system of education has failed to deliver according to the aspirations of the nation. There are various factors responsible for this situation. This research explores some of the critical problems that have so far plagued the education system of Pakistan. On the basis of critical review of available literature, the research presents solutions to the existing problems of the education system of Pakistan. Thisresearch investigates the main causes for poor implementation of educational policies in Pakistan. For this purpose the research investigated vast literature.
Variable
- Education Policy
- Opportunities
- Student-teacher behavior
Constructs and sub-constructs
- Implement the education policy till than secondary level such as,
- National Curriculum for solving education problem
- It is imperative for the teachers of to improve the learning
- knowing the difficulties related to class
- factors affecting the behavior of students
Article 3:
In the light of this deep investigation, the research recommends some practical solutions to poor policy implementation in the country. Firstly, that policy makers and policy implementers are needed to be taken on board before, during and after the policy formulation, implementation and policy evaluation stages. This will generate commitment, strong will, motivation and strong individual and institutional support for the implementation of the policies. Secondly, that increased budgetary allocation for educational projects may also improve the process of implementation if it is carried out with professional fervor, professionalism and commitment by showing zero tolerance to corruption in all forms.
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Variable
- Performance factor
- Teaching techniques
Constructs and sub-constructs
- Change in teaching techniques teachers do,
- Lecture
- Attentions
- Persistence of teachers and students
- Loyalty
- Punctuality
Article 4:
The study was also conducted to analyze some of the issues of public and private Education in Pakistan. Also to investigate some policy considerations regarding governance, analyze current practices and recommend some “best practices” to the public and private institution’ governance and to draw out some common themes and directions, which are discussed in the Pakistani context. It examined the challenges of governance in higher education and how public and private institution were acting in response to them. It addressed the rising role and participation of stakeholders in higher education governance and emerging approaches of management in the governance of higher public and private Education in Pakistan.
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Variable
- Collaborative Learning
- Environment Style
Constructs and sub-constructs
Major problems of teaching and learning the teachers do,
- teacher’s training course
- appropriate teaching materials
- collaborative learning
- lack of scientific teaching
Article 5:
Pakistan is a developing country. Its economy is weak. There is lack of political stability in the country. Besides, the country is in the deep grip of increasing political turmoil, expanding terrorism, incessant sectarian violence, social instability, and economic degeneration. All these problems are directly or indirectly the offshoot of a weak, polarized and non-unified education system.Today Pakistan is faced with many problems such as poverty, insecurity, sectarianism and terrorism. The reasons for these problems are lack of tolerance, lack of general awareness and illiteracy promoted by an ineffective education system.
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Variable
- Skills and problem issues
Constructs and sub-constructs
- Most of them responded that students were weak due to
- Lack of teaching facility
- Lack of equipment
Q.2 Operationalize the variables/terms (What were the key terms in your topic or study? What did you mean by these terms? What particular meanings you will attach to these term when used in this research project).
According to Article 1, variables is:
Education:
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, morals, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include teaching, training, storytelling, discussion and directed research.
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Academic Performance:
Academic performance is the measurement of student achievement across various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates and results from standardized tests.
Institution:
An institution is a social structure in which people cooperate and which influences the behavior of people and the way they live. An institution has a purpose. Institutions are permanent, which means that they do not end when one person is gone. An institution has rules and can enforce rules of human behavior.
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Achievement:
Re-organized something to make it work better, Identified a problem and solved it, Come up with a new idea that improved things, Developed or implemented new procedures or systems and Worked on special projects.
According to Article 2, variables is:
Development:
Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. The identification of these traps enables relating to political, economic, social conditions in a country in an attempt to advance development.
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
School:
A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of teachers (or “pupils”) under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compulsory. In these systems, teacher’s progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the Regional section below) but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. An institution where higher education is taught, is commonly called a public or private education college or public or private education.
Problems:
A matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and overcome.
According to Article 3, variables is:
Education System:
An education system refers to the economic and social factors that typically make up public schools at the federal, state or community levels. Such factors include public funding, school facilities, staffing, compensation, employee benefits, teaching resources and more.
Public and private Education in Pakistan:
Public and private Education in Pakistan is free and compulsory for all children between the ages of five and 16, or up through grade 10, or what’s referred to as “matriculation” in Pakistan. It is a fundamental right accorded by Article 25 A of the constitution.
According to Article 4, variables is:
Institution:
An institution is a social structure in which people cooperate and which influences the behavior of people and the way they live. An institution has a purpose. Institutions are permanent, which means that they do not end when one person is gone. An institution has rules and can enforce rules of human behavior.
Development:
Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. The identification of these traps enables relating to political, economic, social conditions in a country in an attempt to advance development.
Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school
Problems:
A matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and overcome.
According to Article 5, variables is:
Pakistani Education:
Pakistani education is free and compulsory for all children between the ages of five and 16, or up through grade 10, or what’s referred to as “matriculation” in Pakistan. It is a fundamental right accorded by Article 25 A of the constitution.
Engagement:
An engagement or betrothal is the period of time between a marriage proposal and the marriage itself. During this period, a couple is said to be fiancés, betrothed, intended, affianced, engaged to be married, or simply engaged.
Learning:
Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants.
Q.3 What were your discussions with your supervisor regarding this problem? (Provide your discussion with your supervisor for better understanding of the research problem)
I am a student of B.Ed. semester spring, 2021, and due to COVID-19 all institutions were closed. The Campus organized an online workshop for course 8657 (Research work) and I attend 6 day workshop. During this online workshop, the supervisor advises us to choose one topic for research, and after advising I selected one topic and send it to my supervisor for approval. After a Long discussion, the supervisor advises me to download 5 related articles from the internet. I select 5 different topics related to my article and send it to my supervisor. After 2 days my supervisor finalizes my topic and related paper and sends it to me for work on it as for my research.
Discussion Article 1:
During selection of topic I asking the question about knowledge and education from my supervisor and he told me that Knowledge is enlightenment and education is the key to develop the man’s character. Basic education is, therefore, every person’s basic human right. It is the only way to make a person aware of manners and proper ways to live life. The educational institutions are therefore established with qualified teachers, in proper institution infrastructure, and most importantly in a sustainable system for people to seek education.
Discussion Article 2:
The education system is the combined name of all the formal educations delivered whether it is for-profit or non-profit, public or private, onsite or virtual instruction. This system sets the curriculum, regulates, and incorporates the administration, finance, and management. For instance; government ministries, central testing, board textbooks, and also rules and regulations are guided to each individual institution which is part of the education system.
Discussion Article 3:
Knowledge is enlightenment and education is the key to develop the man’s character. Basic education is, therefore, every person’s basic human right. It is the only way to make a person aware of manners and proper ways to live life. The educational institutions are therefore established with qualified teachers, in proper institution infrastructure, and most importantly in a sustainable system for people to seek education.
Unfortunately, the education system in Pakistan is mismanaged and unequally distributed across the country which makes the whole purpose of the institutions counterproductive and they are just in place as a lucrative business model.
Discussion Article 4:
The foremost reason for the destructive education system in Pakistan is inequality. There have been divided into three main categories of education i.e. English medium, Urdu medium, and Madrassas (religious schools).
English is the international language that is highly prioritized and so the English medium teachers are given importance over Urdu medium teachers. Urdu medium graduates are still incorporated in different jobs. The madrasas graduates are the least mainstreamed and they remain out of government and private jobs.
Discussion Article 5:
He also said that another division is the Private and Public educational institutions. There is a great difference between these two categories. Their fee, uniform, teaching style, staff, and infrastructure is very different. These days, Private schools are especially prioritized. The good thing is, Government colleges and public and private institution are still having importance and there is no discrimination there.
Moreover, the illicitly high fee is another major issue in the system of education. Private institutions charge exorbitantly high fees. They even charge fees when the school is off after the final exams for three months.
Q.4 Review the literature and identify the gap regarding the problem under your consideration (consult books, articles or websites). (Explore books and online resources to find what and how much work has been already been done regarding this problem. Use APA style for citation and referencing)
Literature review according to article 1 is:
Education is the road to national development. It creates sense of responsibility among the people. On the basis of education people not only realize their duties but also know how to achieve their national, societal and individual rights. One of the goals of education is to enable the people by enhancing their general consciousness regarding their national and international position as global citizens (Zaki, 1992). This realization creates an atmosphere of trust and cooperation in the society. Education promotes economic development and consequently people become prosperous and play their respective roles in the overall national development. Pakistan is a developing country. Its economy is weak. There is lack of political stability in the country. Besides, the country is in the deep grip of increasing political turmoil, expanding terrorism, incessant sectarian violence, social instability, and economic degeneration (Riaz, 1998). All these problems are directly or indirectly the offshoot of a weak, polarized and non-unified education system. Today Pakistan is faced with many problems such as poverty, insecurity, sectarianism and terrorism. The reasons for these problems are lack of tolerance, lack of general awareness and illiteracy promoted by an ineffective education system.
The quality of teachers in Pakistani schools is deplorable. According to a UNESCO report, the quality of the teachers and instruction in schools is of low quality. This situation is grimmer in remote parts of Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan where even there are no teachers available in schools (Shahid, 2003). Research has found that teachers do not use new methods and strategies of teaching and learning. Majority of the teachers do not know about lesson planning which renders them incapable of dealing with various problems in the process of teaching and learning. Teachers encourage cramming of the materials by teachers (Rashid, 2004). Teachers do not know the use of libraries in educational institutions.
Literature review according to article 2 is:
The vital role of education has been neglected in Pakistan which has led to low development in all fields of life. Education has been treated like a step child (Pervaiz, 1994). The lowest budget has been awarded to the system of education since the establishment of Pakistan which has weakened the foundation of the quality in the education system. The education system, hence, has failed to raise the nation economically, politically and socially. After lapse of half a century years and adoption of more than 25 educational polices, still the education system has badly failed to take the nation out of the increasing economic, political and social quagmire.
Thus the reading habits are decreasing among the teachers. Teachers are highly responsible for all this mess. It is their professional responsibility to guide the teachers towards book reading. Teachers rely on lecture methods which do provide an opportunity to teachers to participate in the process of education as active member. They only note does the information and memorize this just to pass the examination. Thus teachers are evaluated on the basis of memorization of facts and information rather than performance (Rasool, 2007).
Due to lack of effective management of schools there is lack of discipline in schools and other educational institutions which leads to high scale dropouts of teachers. This trend has increased to such an extent that there are now 40 lac teachers out of school due to drop out in Pakistan. This trend according to Zaidi (2005) is due to partly the punishment in schools, poor motivating or unattractive school environment and partly due to weak parenting on the part of parents. Child labor and poverty is also one of the reasons for dropouts form schools. An estimated 30 percent of children enrolled in primary education reach to the matric level.
Literature review according to article 3 is:
The problems associated with the education system of Pakistan are lack of adequate budget, lack of policy implementation, defective examination system, poor physical facilities, lack of teacher quality, lack of implementation of education policies, directionless education, low enrollment, high scale dropouts, political interference, outdated curriculum, corruption, poor management and supervision, lack of research, and lack of uniformity (Naseem, 1990). The above mentioned problems could be solved by formulation of rational policies and plan and by ensuring proper implementation of the policies. Education is a nourishing force. It is the constructive factor for any society. Education enables people to work for their development and growth. Hence education brings out the hidden potentialities of individuals and develops them (Malik, 1999).The education system was envisioned by the founding fathers as the driving force behind all national goals. It was decided in the first national education conference 1974 held at Karachi that the education system would work according to the national aspirations of Pakistan. The education system would be truly related to the needs of the people of Pakistan. The father of the nation Quiad-e- Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah the main goal of the education system of Pakistan was to develop national character of Pakistani generation. This national character would contain high sense of responsibility, social integrity, selfless service to the nation and morality on the part of the people of Pakistan. For strengthening the role of education, various educational commissions were formed and committees were constituted (Channo, 1990).
Literature review according to article 4 is:
But it is ironical to see that the implementation has been very poor. Because of this the quality of education in the country has suffered badly instead of making progress. Another problem which has affected negatively the system is the widening gaps and distance between the educational institutions and community. Parental involvement in the education process is vital for ensuring the quality aspect. Home is the first school of a child. Without parental involvement in the process of education the effective implementation of policies will remain a far cry (Ahmad, 1993).The system of public and private Education in Pakistan according to Iqbal (1981) is not based on uniform principles. Different systems of education are simultaneously working in the country.
The curriculum is also not uniformed which has given birth to different schools of thoughts. For example there is a world of difference between the attitudes of teachers coming out from the public educational institutions, Deeni Madaris and the few private elite institutions. This trend has accelerated the pace of polarization in the society. According to Zaki (1992) this is the result of divisive Pakistani education system. This system has created a huge gap among the nation and even has deeply penetrated into the cultural veins of the nation. The recent wave of terrorism and the increasing sectarian division are the logical consequences of this divided system of education.
This trend in Pakistan has added to the low literacy rate as well. Examination is the evaluation of student’s learning. It should be based on qualitative and quantitative techniques to comprehensively evaluate the performance of teachers (Zaidi, 2005). The standards must ensure validity and reliability of the procedures used in the assessment process. The basic aim of assessment is to evaluate the performance of teachers. The examination system of Pakistan is not only outdated but it also does not have the quality to evaluate the performance of learners comprehensively(Siddique, 1993).
The examination system of Pakistan tests only the memory of teachers. It does not evaluate them in all aspects of learning. Moreover, the examinations are influenced by external and internal forces which have encouraged the trend of illegal practices such as unfair means. As a result of this the examination system promotes rote learning and cramming which negates the role of high intellectual power of learners in the education process such as critical thinking, reflection, analytical skills and so on. It does not measure the actual achievements and performance of teachers (Fowler, 2000).
Literature review according to article 5 is:
As a result of this current polarized system of education there has occurred a great social division in the society on political, social and economic grounds rather than unity among the people which is cutting knee deep the ideological and social foundation of the nation leading towards further divisions on linguistic and regional grounds which can potentially damage the social cohesion and fabric of the society (Bengali, 1999). A sound education system is essential for every nation of the world. Every nation develops its generation on the basis of vigorous training and education on social, political, economic and ideological grounds. Pakistani education system due being directionless and weak has not been able to develop and guide its people on sound political and social grounds.
There is lack of cohesion in the system and it is more prone towards general education which does not bring any skilled manpower to the market. Resulting there is increasing unemployment (Butt, 1996). This situation may promote sense of deprivation among the masses. Due to this there is cultural and political unrest in the society. Besides, there is lack of educational opportunities for science and technology. In this way the development of thinking, reasoning and creativity of teachers is not being polished. Teacher is the backbone of education system.
Q.5 What were the objectives/ purpose of the study according to the nature of your research problem?
According to article 1, the purpose is:
The purpose of this research article was to investigate the key issues, problems and the newchallenges in Pakistan. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educationalinstitutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially and spiritually. It improvesand promotes the economic social, political and cultural life of the nation. Until now the role of public and private in Pakistan has been simply preparation for tertiary education, which in the minds of most people means strictly a public or private education. All over the world public and private institution are guiding and co-operating with the industrial and agricultural development organizations and they are developing their economics rapidly and meaningfully.
According to article 2, the purpose is:
Examining the implications, and connotation, of applying “best practice” principles of institutional governance to public and private institution and to add understanding to debates about governance by considering developments in public or private education governance in Pakistan in the wider perspective, particularly by examining related developments in the country is the basic purpose of this article.
According to article 3, the objective is:
Following are the main objectives of this study.
- To define policy implementation
- To analyze role of governmental institutions in educational policy implementation
- To explore the problems of poor educational policy implementation in Pakistan
- To recommend solutions for the implementation gaps
According to article 4, the purpose is:
Education lays the foundation for political, social and economic development of any country. A viable education system enables the nation to achieve its national goals. Pakistan as a developing country has faced critical problems of education since its inception and therefore, the system of education has failed to deliver according to the aspirations of the nation. There are various factors responsible for this situation. This paper explores some of the critical problems that have so far plagued the education system of Pakistan. On the basis of critical review of available literature, the paper presents solutions to the existing problems of the education system of Pakistan.
According to article 5, the objective is:
In the developing countries, nothing can be more important than education. Education is playing a vital role in the development of every sector in Pakistan. Education helps us to reach the right goal. Main objective of education is to provide scientific and technical education for the development of economy. It creates an opportunity for individuals to earn reasonable income. Education is an important sector but it has been facing lot of public and private sectors Problems in Pakistan. That is why literacy rate is very low in Pakistan. In this research, we try our best to highlight the problems in education sector, and the reasons behind the problems.
Q.6 What research questions/ hypotheses did you formulate to achieve the above stated objectives/purpose of the study?
According to Article 1:
Research question is:
- Describe the Key Issues, Problems and the New Challenges in education.
- Describe the possible solution for improving public and private Education in Pakistan.
According to Article 2:
Research Problem
The higher education system is facing hard challenges, for example inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, quality and standards, lack of autonomy and academic freedom, increasing societal expectations and a growth in demand for higher education. The paper is focusing on the issues and problems related to public and private institution governance in Pakistan. It provides an overview of past, present and future trends in this regard.
According to Article 3:
Following are the main objectives of this study:
- Analyze role of governmental institutions in educational policy implementation.
- How we explore the problems of poor educational policy implementation in Pakistan.
- Describe the recommended solutions for the implementation gaps.
According to Article 4:
This paper explores some of the critical problems that have so far plagued the education system of Pakistan. On the basis of critical review of available literature, the paper presents solutions to the existing problems of the education system of Pakistan.
According to Article 5:
Education is an important sector but it has been facing lot of public and private sectors Problems in Pakistan. That is why literacy rate is very low in Pakistan. In this research, we try our best to highlight the problems in education sector, and the reasons behind the problems. The purpose of this research article is to reveal the problems in education sector in Pakistan. Development of any country is dependent on education.
Q.7 who were the participants in your study?
According to Article 1:
There are 36,096 private schools in the country. Of the total the majority are in the Punjab 66.4%, while Sindh accounts for 17.9%, NWFP 12.3%, Baluchistan 1.5%, FATA 0.9% and Islamabad Capital Territory 1%. Urban areas account for 61% and rural areas 39% of private schools.
According to Article 2:
The higher education sector is a rapidly developing field in Pakistan. Musharraf government in the early 2000s, showed a clear commitment to improving higher education, as substantiated by noteworthy boost in expenditure on higher education, soon after the inception of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) in 2002. Economic growth rate will be significantly increasing in next 20 years. HEC members will be the participants of this study.
According to Article 3:
This paper depend on the view and previous research. The researchers consulted a vast number of national and international reviewed papers, journals, newspaper reports, book analysis and findings of research studies in order to find out the causes for poor educational policy implementation in Pakistan.
According to Article 4:
This paper depend on the view and previous research. The researchers consulted a vast number of national and international reviewed papers, journals, newspaper reports, book analysis and findings of research studies in order to find out the causes for poor educational policy implementation in Pakistan.
According to Article 5:
Main objective of education is to provide scientific and technical education for the development of economy. It creates an opportunity for individuals to earn reasonable income. Education is an important sector but it has been facing lot of public and private sectors Problems in Pakistan. That is why literacy rate is very low in Pakistan. In this research, we try our best to highlight the problems in education sector, and the reasons behind the problems. This research based on the statistic of government related to education.
Q.8 Discuss the sample and sampling technique.
According to Article 1:
The researcher use random sampling. Punjab 66.4%, while Sindh accounts for 17.9%, NWFP 12.3%, Baluchistan 1.5%, FATA 0.9% and Islamabad Capital Territory 1%. Urban areas account for 61% and rural areas 39% of private schools are the sample of this study.
According to Article 2:
40 HEC members will be the participants of this study. The higher education sector is a rapidly developing field in Pakistan. Musharraf government in the early 2000s, showed a clear commitment to improving higher education, as substantiated by noteworthy boost in expenditure on higher education, soon after the inception of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) in 2002. Economic growth rate will be significantly increasing in next 20 years. HEC members will be the participants of this study.
According to Article 3: This paper depend on the view and previous research. The researchers consulted a vast number of national and international reviewed papers, journals, newspaper reports, book analysis and findings of research studies in order to find out the causes for poor educational policy implementation in Pakistan.
According to Article 4:
This paper depend on the view and previous research. The researchers consulted a vast number of national and international reviewed papers, journals, newspaper reports, book analysis and findings of research studies in order to find out the causes for poor educational policy implementation in Pakistan.
According to Article 5:
This research based on the statistic of government related to education.Main objective of education is to provide scientific and technical education for the development of economy. It creates an opportunity for individuals to earn reasonable income. Education is an important sector but it has been facing lot of public and private sectors Problems in Pakistan. That is why literacy rate is very low in Pakistan. In this research, we try our best to highlight the problems in education sector, and the reasons behind the problems.
Q.9 What were the data collection tool(s)/instrument(s)? How did you develop this tool(s)? Report the reliability of each tool/instrument. (For example; test, interview, observations, rating scale, student work or any other. Provide tool/instrument)
According to Article 1:
Data will be collected on the statistics of education department.
According to Article 2:
For the study major sources of data were Institutional and government documents, policy papers and newspapers’ articles. To analyze the information, content analysis was done. The results of the study showed that in Pakistan the state is the key player in the governance of higher education.
According to Article 3:
This is a literature review research study. For this purpose the researchers consulted a vast number of national and international reviewed papers, journals, newspaper reports, book analysis and findings of research studies in order to find out the causes for poor educational policy implementation in Pakistan.
According to Article 4:
For this purpose the researchers consulted a vast number of national and international reviewed papers, journals, newspaper reports, book analysis and findings of research studies in order to find out the causes for poor educational policy implementation in Pakistan.This is a literature review research study.
According to Article 5:
From the data of educational institutions by kind, level and sex can easily be concluded that total number of primary, middle, secondary schools, arts and science institution, professional colleges and public and private institution are increased from 1998-99 to 2007-08. Number of female schools, colleges and public and private institution has also been increased.
Q.10 Describe the step-wise methodology and data collection procedure.
According to Article 1:
The participation rate at higher education is comparatively low as compared to other countries of the region. There are problems of quality of staff, students, library and laboratory. Relevance with society needs, research facilities, financial crisis, arts students more than science students, weaknesses of examination, ineffective governance and academic results are not at par with international standards. Considering the gigantic problems of public and private Education in Pakistan, the researcher selected this topic for research.
According to Article 2:
For the study major sources of data were Institutional and government documents, policy papers and newspapers’ articles. To analyze the information, content analysis was done. The results of the study showed that in Pakistan the state is the key player in the governance of higher education.
According to Article 3:
This is a literature review research study. For this purpose the researchers consulted a vast number of national and international reviewed papers, journals, newspaper reports, book analysis and findings of research studies in order to find out the causes for poor educational policy implementation in Pakistan.
According to Article 4:
This paper explores some of the critical problems that have so far plagued the education system of Pakistan. On the basis of critical review of available literature, the paper presents solutions to the existing problems of the education system of Pakistan.
According to Article 5:
The method of production can be improved by the education. In last many years, Pakistan is facing a lot of problem in education sector either it’s related to women education or budget. Corruption in education sector in Pakistan is going to increase. No efforts are made to up to date the curriculum. Poverty resists the people to get education because they have no enough resources to get admission in education institutions. That causes the increase the ratio of child labor in Pakistan. Government should take steps to remove these hurdles, to improve the education sector.
Q.11Give analyses according to the stated objectives/ purpose of the study, research questions/hypotheses.
According to Article 1:
The essence of this is that public institutions will continue to educate a large share of the Pakistani students even if the role of the private sector is strengthened. The public will expect this and accept the government’s legitimate authority in and working towards the public interest. The funding role of the Govt. therefore remains significant. Even though government spending on higher education has been reducing, the higher education sector in Pakistan could find it impossible to operate without Govt. funding. Due to this major funding role, it is sensible for the government to oversee what these institutions do with public money. The government has to be accountable to the public thus public and private institution have to be accountable to the governments. “The Ministry of Education and HEC will have to continue working with higher education institutions for both sectors to reciprocally relate to one another” (White paper on Education, 2006). Higher education has to play a role in attaining the country’s development goals and is also in enabling the country achieving its educational goals. With respect to success in these goals, the state cannot be a bystander on the affairs of higher education.
According to Article 2:
The new forces influencing reforms in Pakistan’s higher education such as the market require the presence of the state. The government of Pakistan ought to reexamine and set clear objectives for public or private education, revise the Public and private institution, Acts in accordance with the current reforms and emphasize on efficient utilization of resources in the institutions. The state needs to steer away from the nitty-gritty of daily public or private education management to give the institutions some space of self-determination. The government of Pakistan has to start reforming and revitalizing public or private education management to give meaningful autonomy. There have to be limits to the involvement of the state in higher education matters. Over emphasized state control will suppress rather than enhance good governance in the sector. Issues like the Governor being Chancellor of the public and private institution, political interference, appointments of council members and vice-chancellors and relationships with staff and students need redress.
According to Article 3:
For any successful implementation of policies, visionary leadership, strategic planning, strong will, trained teachers, community support, and availability of resources, students and teachers motivation play the role of cementing forces. For this purpose empowerment of local stakeholders, planning strategically, resource mobilization, resource utilization, political will, monitoring and evaluation of the education system are essential steps for successful implementation. This type of attitude develops an environment of trust and transparency. However, education system in Pakistan has been made hostage to evils for many years after its inception. This trend of corruption has played with the foundations of the overall system. Policy strategies are essential for successful implementation of a policy. These strategies help in setting forth mechanisms to achieve the prescribed objectives. This study aimed at exploring the hurdles in the way of successful policy implementation in Pakistan and suggesting solutions in the light of literature review. The vast analysis of the data showed that there is lack of direction, consistency, poor institution-community relationship, corruption, lack of visionary leadership at lower level and commitment on the part of policy formulators and implementers with regard to policy implementation in education. The analysis also showed that there is no follow up, accountability for authority and supervisors, lack of system of training for policy formulators and implementers.
According to Article 4:
This paper concludes that education develops people in all domains of life such as social, moral, spiritual, political and economic. It is a dynamic force which enables every nation to achieve its overall national goals. It is an established fact that countries that have developed a sound system of education have a sound social and political system. With effective educational systems many countries are playing a leadership role in the comity of nations. They are enjoying their liberties and also are politically and economically free and developed. The education system of Pakistan has not been able to play its role effectively in nation building. This factor has contributed towards development of frustration among the Pakistani society. The future generation of Pakistan is directionless due to defective education system which has drastically failed to raise the nation on sound economic, social, political and moral grounds. The directionless system of education is producing forces of degree holders who are deficient in high order live skills such as reflection, critical thinking, analysis, research and creativity.
According to Article 5:
In public or private education level of Pakistan Government and teachers pay less attention on research work. Due to this, students remain unaware from the methods of research. That is why concept of Students about critical analysis is not clear. And second reason is that in public or private education level resources are less for conduct the research. Research work is very important at undergraduate level specially. Researches play a very important role for getting job and in the market. Government should provide such environment to students where they are able to express their feeling in words freely. Teachers should motivate the students for this purpose. Teachers in the government institutions have less technical skills, because training institutions for teachers in Pakistan are less. Less technical skills means is substandard quality of education.
Q.12 What were the findings and conclusions of your study? Give recommendations on their basis?
According to Article 1:
Development of Pakistan is dependent on education. Education is very important for both male and female because it’s mostly said that if a women is learned its means a society is learned. The method of production can be improved by the education. In last many years, Pakistan is facing a lot of problem in education sector either it’s related to women education or budget. Corruption in education sector in Pakistan is going to increase. No efforts are made to up to date the curriculum. Poverty resists the people to get education because they have no enough resources to get admission in education institutions. That causes the increase the ratio of child labor in Pakistan. Government should take steps to remove these hurdles, to improve the education sector.
Recommendation:
For the better accomplishment of the future requirements following recommendations are made:
- Only public or private education administration should manage and be responsible for Public or private education’s affairs.
- The public or private education administration should be fully autonomous body to make decisions.
- Faculty according to their needs and requirements should be selected by the department under given criteria by the syndicate.
According to Article 2:
In last many years, Pakistan is facing a lot of problem in education sector either it’s related to women education or budget. Corruption in education sector in Pakistan is going to increase. No efforts are made to up to date the curriculum. Poverty resists the people to get education because they have no enough resources to get admission in education institutions. That causes the increase the ratio of child labor in Pakistan.
Recommendation:
For the better accomplishment of the future requirements following recommendations are made:
- The administration of public public and private institution should be independent. Higher authorities must monitor that the functioning of the public and private institution is in accordance with the public or private education calendar.
- The syndicate should make decisions regarding public or private education policies.
- Syndicate should appoint Vice Chancellor and he should be answerable to them.
According to Article 3:
For this purpose empowerment of local stakeholders, planning strategically, resource mobilization, resource utilization, political will, monitoring and evaluation of the education system are essential steps for successful implementation. This type of attitude develops an environment of trust and transparency. However, education system in Pakistan has been made hostage to evils for many years after its inception. This trend of corruption has played with the foundations of the overall system. Policy strategies are essential for successful implementation of a policy. These strategies help in setting forth mechanisms to achieve the prescribed objectives. This study aimed at exploring the hurdles in the way of successful policy implementation in Pakistan and suggesting solutions in the light of literature review. The vast analysis of the data showed that there is lack of direction, consistency, poor institution-community relationship, corruption, lack of visionary leadership at lower level and commitment on the part of policy formulators and implementers with regard to policy implementation in education.
Recommendation:
For the better accomplishment of the future requirements following recommendations are made:
- All stakeholders such as teachers, principals, and researchers may be involved or informed on policy formulation and implementation. In this way the gap of understanding would be resolved.
- Strong coordination between the schools and the inspectorate may help in bridging the gulf of mistrust and alienation
- Accountability system may be strengthened to decrease corruption
- In order to overcome financial constraints, practical measures may be taken for effective planning and utilization of available resources both human and material.
According to Article 4:
The education system of Pakistan has not been able to play its role effectively in nation building. This factor has contributed towards development of frustration among the Pakistani society. The future generation of Pakistan is directionless due to defective education system which has drastically failed to raise the nation on sound economic, social, political and moral grounds. The directionless system of education is producing forces of degree holders who are deficient in high order live skills such as reflection, critical thinking, analysis, research and creativity. The education system instead has focused on feeding the individuals with outdated information and knowledge which is less relevant to the current fast changingworld. Students coming out of the Pakistani education system are theoretically sound but have no skills to apply whatever they learn from their institutions due to the traditional methods of teaching and learning.
Recommendation:
For the better accomplishment of the future requirements following recommendations are made:
- Through strong accountability, the prevalence of corruption, nepotism and favoritism could be controlled.
- The people involved in the process of formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies can be trained to enhance their theoretical knowledge in skills in better administration, management and coordination.
- A string bond or relationship between the beneficiary community and policy makers can decrease the trust deficit between the system and public.
- The step of decentralization should be strengthened. It will decrease the delays in implementation of measures taken at the central level.
According to Article 5:
The purpose of our research is to identify the major problems in educational sector in Pakistan which educational sector is suffering from since last few years. In future we will research on the solution of these problems. Energy crisis can be reduced by using the natural resources. To increase the literacy rate, the Government of Pakistan announced that the education is compulsory for sixteen years old for each and every citizen. It will play an important role in the development of Pakistan.
In public or private education level of Pakistan Government and teachers pay less attention on research work. Due to this, students remain unaware from the methods of research. That is why concept of Students about critical analysis is not clear. And second reason is that in public or private education level resources are less for conduct the research. Research work is very important at undergraduate level specially. Researches play a very important role for getting job and in the market. Government should provide such environment to students where they are able to express their feeling in words freely. Teachers should motivate the students for this purpose. Teachers in the government institutions have less technical skills, because training institutions for teachers in Pakistan are less. Less technical skills means is substandard quality of education.
Recommendation:
For the better accomplishment of the future requirements following recommendations are made:
- Through strong accountability, the prevalence of corruption, nepotism and favoritism could be controlled.
- The people involved in the process of formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies can be trained to enhance their theoretical knowledge in skills in better administration, management and coordination.
- The syndicate should make decisions regarding public or private education policies.
- Syndicate should appoint Vice Chancellor and he should be answerable to them.
- 13 Summary of the research project. (Summary includes the shortest version of all steps and procedures)
I select the topic “Issues problem and solution in education of Pakistan”. For my research, my supervisor advice me to download the five article related to my topic. I downloaded articles and check it to my supervisor for further action. Following articles was downloaded.
- Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Educational Institutions
- Public vs. Private Quality Education at Primary Level in Pakistan
- Public versus Private Secondary Schools: A Qualitative Comparison
- A Comparative Study of Public versus Private Primary Schools
- Comparative Study of Availability and Quality of Physical Facilities in Public and Private Schools in the Punjab
I select the objectives and research questions from all articles. I complete my research by using data of all articles.Step of this research mention below:
- Firstly I selected the dependent and independent variables of all article in Q.1
- Literature review in Q.4
- Purpose and objective in Q.5
- Research question in Q.6
- Participants in Q.7
- Sampling and sampling techniques in Q.8,
- Data collection method in Q.9
- Methodology in Q.10
- Objective analysis in Q.11
- Finding and conclusion in Q.12
- Citation in Q.4 mention in Q.14.
Q.14 Give reference to all citations in your research project. (Follow APA Manual-6th Edition) Examples of format are available on websites.
Ahmad, M. (1993). Financing of Education: Opportunities and Alternatives. Ministry of
Education, Islamabad.
Bengali, K. (1999). History of Educational Policy Making and Planning in Pakistan.
Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
Butt, R. (1996). Failures in the Achievements of Targets in Five Year Plans with
Preferences to Secondary Public and private Education in Pakistan (Unpublished). AIOU, Islamabad. Pp. 71-75
Channo, S. K. (1990). Review of Educational Policies. NIPA, Karachi. P p. 6, 14, 26-28
Fowler, F.C. (2000). Policy studies for educational leaders: An introduction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Malik, S. R. (1999). The System of Education in Pakistan. National Book Foundation,
Islamabad, p.92-96
Naseem,J. Q. (1990), Problem of Public and private Education in Pakistan, Karachi: Royal Book Company
Pervaiz, T. (1994). Education. Lahore: Majeed Book Depot. p. 369
Rashid, K. (2004). Education. Lahore: Urdu Bazaar, Carvan book house
Rasool, G. (2007). Evaluation of Educational Policies, (Un-Published Master‟s Thesis).
Riaz R. (1998) Introduction to Education. Lahore: Urdu Bazaar, Ehtasham Publishers.
Shahid, S. M. (2003). Elementary Public and private Education in Pakistan. Lahore: Majeed Book Depot
Siddique, A.S (1993). Process of Educational Planning in Pakistan (Unit2). AIOU,
Islamabad. P.47
Zaidi, S.A. (2005). Political economy of decentralization in Pakistan. Transversal theme
decentralization and social movement. Working research 17. Development study group Zurich.
Zaki, W. M. (1992). Pakistan’s Educational Quagmire. AIOU, Islamabad. P.03
